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Lesson 23: Ultrasonic Sensor Module (HC-SR04)

In this lesson, you will learn how to use an ultrasonic sensor with Arduino to measure distances. We’ll cover connecting the HC-SR04 sensor to the Arduino Uno R4 board and using it to calculate and display distance measurements in centimeters. This project is ideal for beginners, providing hands-on experience with Arduino’s serial communication and sensor data processing. You’ll gain valuable insights into working with digital signals and understanding the basics of ultrasonic sensing technology.

Required Components

In this project, we need the following components.

It’s definitely convenient to buy a whole kit, here’s the link:

Name	ITEMS IN THIS KIT	LINK
Universal Maker Sensor Kit	94	Universal Maker Sensor Kit

You can also buy them separately from the links below.

Component Introduction	Purchase Link
Arduino UNO R3 or R4	BUY
Ultrasonic Sensor Module (HC-SR04)	BUY

Wiring

Code

Code Analysis

1. Pin declaration:

   Start by defining the pins for the ultrasonic sensor. echoPin and trigPin are declared as integers and their values are set to match the physical connection on the Arduino board.

   const int echoPin = 3;
   const int trigPin = 4;
   

2. setup() function:

   The setup() function initializes the serial communication, sets the pin modes, and prints a message to indicate the ultrasonic sensor is ready.

   void setup() {
     Serial.begin(9600);
     pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
     pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
     Serial.println("Ultrasonic sensor:");
   }
   

3. loop() function:

   The loop() function reads the distance from the sensor and prints it to the serial monitor, then delays for 400 milliseconds before repeating.

   void loop() {
     float distance = readDistance();
     Serial.print(distance);
     Serial.println(" cm");
     delay(400);
   }
   

4. readDistance() function :

   The readDistance() function triggers the ultrasonic sensor and calculates the distance based on the time it takes for the signal to bounce back.

   For more details, please refer to the working principle of the ultrasonic sensor module.

   float readDistance() {
     digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);   // Set trig pin to low to ensure a clean pulse
     delayMicroseconds(2);         // Delay for 2 microseconds
     digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);  // Send a 10 microsecond pulse by setting trig pin to high
     delayMicroseconds(10);
     digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);  // Set trig pin back to low
     float distance = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH) / 58.00;  // Formula: (340m/s * 1us) / 2
     return distance;
   }