2.2 Fading LED

In the previous project, we controlled the LED by turning it on and off using digital output. In this project, we will create a breathing effect on the LED by utilizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWM is a technique that allows us to control the brightness of an LED or the speed of a motor by varying the duty cycle of a square wave signal.

With PWM, instead of simply turning the LED on or off, we will be adjusting the amount of time the LED is on versus the amount of time it is off within each cycle. By rapidly switching the LED on and off at varying intervals, we can create the illusion of the LED gradually brightening and dimming, simulating a breathing effect.

By using the PWM capabilities of the ESP32 WROOM 32E, we can achieve smooth and precise control over the LED’s brightness. This breathing effect adds a dynamic and visually appealing element to your projects, creating an eye-catching display or ambiance.

Required Components

In this project, we need the following components.

It’s definitely convenient to buy a whole kit, here’s the link:

Name	ITEMS IN THIS KIT	LINK
ESP32 Starter Kit	320+	ESP32 Starter Kit

You can also buy them separately from the links below.

COMPONENT INTRODUCTION	PURCHASE LINK
ESP32 WROOM 32E	BUY
ESP32 Camera Extension	-
Breadboard	BUY
Jumper Wires	BUY
Resistor	BUY
LED	BUY

Available Pins

Here is a list of available pins on the ESP32 board for this project.

Available Pins

IO13, IO12, IO14, IO27, IO26, IO25, IO33, IO32, IO15, IO2, IO0, IO4, IO5, IO18, IO19, IO21, IO22, IO23

Schematic

This project is the same circuit as the first project 2.1 Hello, LED!, but the signal type is different. The first project is to output digital high and low levels (0&1) directly from pin26 to make the LED light up or turn off, this project is to output PWM signal from pin26 to control the brightness of the LED.

Wiring

Code

Note

• Open the 2.2_fading_led.py file located in the esp32-starter-kit-main\micropython\codes path, or copy and paste the code into Thonny. Then, click “Run Current Script” or press F5 to execute it.

• Make sure to select the “MicroPython (ESP32).COMxx” interpreter in the bottom right corner.

# Import the necessary libraries
from machine import Pin, PWM
import time

# Create a PWM object
led = PWM(Pin(26), freq=1000)

while True:
    # Gradually increase brightness
    for duty_cycle in range(0, 1024, 1):
        led.duty(duty_cycle)
        time.sleep(0.01)

    # Gradually decrease brightness
    for duty_cycle in range(1023, -1, -1):
        led.duty(duty_cycle)
        time.sleep(0.01)

The LED will gradually become brighter as the code runs.

How it works?

Overall, this code demonstrates how to use PWM signals to control the brightness of an LED.

1. It imports two modules, machine and time. The machine module provides low-level access to the microcontroller’s hardware, while the time module provides functions for time-related operations.

   import machine
   import time
   

2. Then initializes a PWM object for controlling the LED connected to pin 26 and sets the frequency of the PWM signal to 1000 Hz.

   led = PWM(Pin(26), freq=1000)
   

3. Fade the LED in and out using a loop: The outer while True loop runs indefinitely. Two nested for loops are used to gradually increase and decrease the LED’s brightness. The duty cycle ranges from 0 to 1023, representing a 0% to 100% duty cycle.

   # Import the necessary libraries
   from machine import Pin, PWM
   import time
   
   # Create a PWM object
   led = PWM(Pin(26), freq=1000)
   
   while True:
       # Gradually increase brightness
       for duty_cycle in range(0, 1024, 2):
           led.duty(duty_cycle)
           time.sleep(0.01)
   
       # Gradually decrease brightness
       for duty_cycle in range(1023, -1, -2):
           led.duty(duty_cycle)
           time.sleep(0.01)
   

   • range(): Create a sequence of integers from 0 to 1023.

   • The duty cycle of the PWM signal is set to each value in the sequence using the duty() method of the PWM object.

   • time.sleep(): Pause the execution of the program for 10 milliseconds between each iteration of the loop, creating a gradual increase in brightness over time.