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.. _4.1.5_py:

4.1.5 Intelligent Visual Doorbell
==========================================

Introduction
-----------------

In this project, let's make a DIY intelligent visual doorbell.

Required Components
------------------------------

In this project, we need the following components.

.. image:: ../img/3.1.19components.png
  :width: 800
  :align: center

It's definitely convenient to buy a whole kit, here's the link: 

.. list-table::
    :widths: 20 20 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - Name	
        - ITEMS IN THIS KIT
        - LINK
    *   - Raphael Kit
        - 337
        - |link_Raphael_kit|

You can also buy them separately from the links below.

.. list-table::
    :widths: 30 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - COMPONENT INTRODUCTION
        - PURCHASE LINK

    *   - :ref:`cpn_gpio_board`
        - |link_gpio_board_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_breadboard`
        - |link_breadboard_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_wires`
        - |link_wires_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_resistor`
        - |link_resistor_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_button`
        - |link_button_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_audio_speaker`
        - \-
    *   - :ref:`cpn_camera_module`
        - |link_camera_buy|


Schematic Diagram
-----------------------

============ ======== ======== ===
T-Board Name physical wiringPi BCM
GPIO27       Pin 13   2        27
============ ======== ======== ===

.. image:: ../img/3.1.19_schematic.png
   :width: 500
   :align: center


Experimental Procedures
------------------------------

**Step 1:** Build the circuit.

.. image:: ../img/3.1.19fritzing.png
  :width: 800
  :align: center

Before this project, you need to make sure you complete :ref:`3.1.3_py` & :ref:`3.1.2_py`.

**Step 2:** Get into the folder of the code.

.. raw:: html

    <run></run>

.. code-block::

    cd ~/raphael-kit/python/

**Step 3:** Run.

.. raw:: html

    <run></run>

.. code-block::

    python3 4.1.5_DoorBell.py

After the code runs:

- The program waits for the doorbell button to be pressed.
- When pressed, a doorbell sound plays and a 5-second video is recorded.
- The video is saved as ``visitor.mp4`` in the user’s home directory.
- The system then returns to standby until the next button press.
- Press ``Ctrl+C`` to exit and clean up resources.

**Code**

.. note::
    You can **Modify/Reset/Copy/Run/Stop** the code below. But before that, you need to go to  source code path like ``raphael-kit/python``. After modifying the code, you can run it directly to see the effect.

.. raw:: html

    <run></run>

.. code-block:: python

    #!/usr/bin/env python3
    import time
    import os
    import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
    from pygame import mixer
    from picamera2 import Picamera2, Preview
    from picamera2.encoders import H264Encoder
    from picamera2.outputs import FfmpegOutput

    # --------------------------------------------------
    # USER DIRECTORY
    # --------------------------------------------------
    user = os.getlogin()
    user_home = os.path.expanduser(f"~{user}")

    # --------------------------------------------------
    # CAMERA SETUP (Picamera2)
    # --------------------------------------------------
    camera = Picamera2()

    # Create a video configuration WITHOUT the deprecated "video=" argument
    video_config = camera.create_video_configuration(
        main={"size": (1280, 720), "format": "XBGR8888"}
    )
    camera.configure(video_config)

    # Create H264 encoder (10 Mbps is good quality for doorbell)
    encoder = H264Encoder(bitrate=10_000_000)

    # --------------------------------------------------
    # GPIO SETUP
    # --------------------------------------------------
    BtnPin = 18
    status = False

    def setup():
        GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
        GPIO.setup(BtnPin, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP)
        mixer.init()

    def button_pressed(pin):
        """Button callback"""
        global status
        status = True

    # --------------------------------------------------
    # MAIN LOOP
    # --------------------------------------------------
    def main():
        global status
        GPIO.add_event_detect(BtnPin, GPIO.FALLING,
                            callback=button_pressed, bouncetime=250)

        print("Doorbell system running... Press the button to record.")

        while True:
            if status:
                print("Visitor detected!")

                # Play doorbell sound
                mixer.music.load(f"{user_home}/raphael-kit/music/doorbell.wav")
                mixer.music.set_volume(0.7)
                mixer.music.play()

                # Use QTGL preview
                camera.start_preview(Preview.QTGL)

                # Output file
                output_path = f"{user_home}/visitor.mp4"
                output = FfmpegOutput(output_path)

                # Start recording
                camera.start_recording(encoder, output)
                print(f"Recording video to {output_path}")

                time.sleep(5)  # Record for 5 seconds

                # Stop everything
                mixer.music.stop()
                camera.stop_recording()
                camera.stop_preview()

                print("Recording finished.\n")

                status = False

            time.sleep(0.05)

    # --------------------------------------------------
    # CLEAN EXIT
    # --------------------------------------------------
    def destroy():
        print("\nExiting...")

        mixer.quit()
        GPIO.cleanup()
        camera.close()

        print("Program exited cleanly.")

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        setup()
        try:
            main()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            destroy()

**Code Explanation**

#. Retrieves the current user's home directory to store the recorded video.

   .. code-block:: python

       user = os.getlogin()
       user_home = os.path.expanduser(f"~{user}")

#. Creates a Picamera2 instance and configures it for video recording.

   .. code-block:: python

       camera = Picamera2()
       video_config = camera.create_video_configuration(
           main={"size": (1280, 720), "format": "XBGR8888"}
       )
       camera.configure(video_config)

#. Sets up the GPIO button on ``GPIO18`` as an input with a pull-up resistor.

   .. code-block:: python

       GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
       GPIO.setup(BtnPin, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP)

#. Loads and initializes the audio mixer used to play the doorbell sound.

   .. code-block:: python

       mixer.init()

#. Registers a callback that sets ``status`` to ``True`` when the button is pressed.

   .. code-block:: python

       GPIO.add_event_detect(BtnPin, GPIO.FALLING,
                             callback=button_pressed, bouncetime=250)

#. Plays the doorbell sound, starts the preview window, and begins video recording.

   .. code-block:: python

       mixer.music.load(f"{user_home}/raphael-kit/music/doorbell.wav")
       mixer.music.play()
       camera.start_preview(Preview.QTGL)
       camera.start_recording(encoder, output)

#. Records a 5-second video and saves it as ``visitor.mp4``.

   .. code-block:: python

       time.sleep(5)
       camera.stop_recording()
       camera.stop_preview()

#. Cleans up all resources when the program is stopped with ``Ctrl+C``.

   .. code-block:: python

       mixer.quit()
       GPIO.cleanup()
       camera.close()


Phenomenon Picture
------------------------

.. image:: ../img/4.1.5door_bell.JPG
   :align: center