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.. _3.1.4_c_pi5_mcp3008:

3.1.4 Smart Fan(MCP3008)
============================

.. note::

   .. image:: ../img/mcp3008_and_adc0834.jpg
      :width: 25%
      :align: left
    

   Depending on your kit version, please identify whether you have **ADC0834** or **MCP3008** and proceed with the matching section.

Introduction
-----------------

In this project, we will use motors, buttons and thermistors to make a
manual + automatic smart fan whose wind speed is adjustable.

Required Components
------------------------------

In this project, we need the following components. 

.. image:: ../img/list2_Smart_Fan.png
    :align: center

It's definitely convenient to buy a whole kit, here's the link: 

.. list-table::
    :widths: 20 20 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - Name	
        - ITEMS IN THIS KIT
        - LINK
    *   - Raphael Kit
        - 337
        - |link_Raphael_kit|

You can also buy them separately from the links below.

.. list-table::
    :widths: 30 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - COMPONENT INTRODUCTION
        - PURCHASE LINK

    *   - :ref:`cpn_gpio_board`
        - |link_gpio_board_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_breadboard`
        - |link_breadboard_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_wires`
        - |link_wires_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_resistor`
        - |link_resistor_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_power_module`
        - \-
    *   - :ref:`cpn_thermistor`
        - |link_thermistor_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_l293d`
        - \-
    *   - :ref:`cpn_mcp3008`
        - \-
    *   - :ref:`cpn_button`
        - |link_button_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_motor`
        - |link_motor_buy|

Schematic Diagram
------------------------

============ ======== ======== ===
T-Board Name physical wiringPi BCM
SPICE0       Pin 24   10       8
SPIMOSI      Pin 19   12       10
SPIMISO      Pin 21   13       9
SPISCLK      Pin 23   14       11
GPIO22       Pin 15   3        22
GPIO5        Pin 29   21       5
GPIO6        Pin 31   22       6
GPIO13       Pin 33   23       13
============ ======== ======== ===

.. image:: ../img/schematic_3.1.4_smart_fan_mcp3008.png
   :align: center

Experimental Procedures
-----------------------------

**Step 1:** Build the circuit.

.. image:: ../img/july24_3.1.4_smart_fan_mcp3008.png
    :align: center

.. note::
    The power module can apply a 9V battery with the 9V Battery
    Buckle in the kit. Insert the jumper cap of the power module into the 5V
    bus strips of the breadboard.

.. image:: ../img/image118.jpeg
    :align: center

**Step 2**: Get into the folder of the code.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    cd ~/raphael-kit/c/3.1.4-2/

**Step 3**: Compile.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    gcc 3.1.4_SmartFan.c -o SmartFan -lwiringPi -lm

**Step 4**: Run the executable file above.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    ./SmartFan

As the code runs, start the fan by pressing the button. Every time you
press, 1 speed grade is adjusted up or down. There are **5** kinds of
speed grades: **0~4**. When set to the 4\ :sup:`th` speed grade and you
press the button, the fan stops working with a **0** wind speed.

Once the temperature goes up or down for more than 2℃, the speed
automatically gets 1-grade faster or slower.

.. note::

    If it does not work after running, or there is an error prompt: \"wiringPi.h: No such file or directory\", please refer to :ref:`install_wiringpi_pi5`.

Code
--------

.. code-block:: c

    #include <wiringPi.h>
    #include <wiringPiSPI.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <softPwm.h>
    #include <math.h>

    #define SPI_CHANNEL 0
    #define SPI_SPEED   1000000
    #define MotorPin1   21
    #define MotorPin2   22
    #define MotorEnable 23
    #define BtnPin      3

    int read_ADC(int channel)
    {
        if (channel < 0 || channel > 7) return -1;

        unsigned char buffer[3];
        buffer[0] = 1;                      // Start bit
        buffer[1] = (8 + channel) << 4;     // Single-ended mode and channel
        buffer[2] = 0;

        wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPI_CHANNEL, buffer, 3);

        int result = ((buffer[1] & 3) << 8) | buffer[2];
        return result;
    }

    int temperture()
    {
        int analogVal = read_ADC(0);
        double Vr = 3.3 * analogVal / 1023.0;  // Use 3.3V as Vref for MCP3008
        double Rt = 10000.0 * Vr / (3.3 - Vr);
        double temp = 1 / (((log(Rt / 10000.0)) / 3950.0) + (1 / (273.15 + 25.0)));
        double cel = temp - 273.15;
        double Fah = cel * 1.8 + 32;
        printf("Celsius: %.2f C  Fahrenheit: %.2f F\n", cel, Fah);
        return (int)cel;
    }

    int motor(int level)
    {
        if (level == 0) {
            digitalWrite(MotorEnable, LOW);
            return 0;
        }
        if (level >= 4) {
            level = 4;
        }
        digitalWrite(MotorEnable, HIGH);
        softPwmWrite(MotorPin1, level * 25);
        return level;
    }

    void setup()
    {
        if (wiringPiSetup() == -1) {
            printf("wiringPi setup failed!\n");
            return;
        }

        if (wiringPiSPISetup(SPI_CHANNEL, SPI_SPEED) == -1) {
            printf("SPI setup failed!\n");
            return;
        }

        softPwmCreate(MotorPin1, 0, 100);
        softPwmCreate(MotorPin2, 0, 100);
        pinMode(MotorEnable, OUTPUT);
        pinMode(BtnPin, INPUT);
    }

    int main(void)
    {
        setup();
        int currentState, lastState = 0;
        int level = 0;
        int currentTemp, markTemp = 0;

        while (1) {
            currentState = digitalRead(BtnPin);
            currentTemp = temperture();

            if (currentTemp <= 0) continue;

            if (currentState == 1 && lastState == 0) {
                level = (level + 1) % 5;
                markTemp = currentTemp;
                delay(500);
            }

            lastState = currentState;

            if (level != 0) {
                if (currentTemp - markTemp <= -2) {
                    level = level - 1;
                    markTemp = currentTemp;
                }
                if (currentTemp - markTemp >= 2) {
                    level = level + 1;
                    markTemp = currentTemp;
                }
            }

            level = motor(level);
        }

        return 0;
    }


Code Explanation
----------------------

.. code-block:: c

    int read_ADC(int channel)
    {
        if (channel < 0 || channel > 7) return -1;

        unsigned char buffer[3];
        buffer[0] = 1;                      // Start bit
        buffer[1] = (8 + channel) << 4;     // Single-ended mode and channel
        buffer[2] = 0;

        wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPI_CHANNEL, buffer, 3);

        int result = ((buffer[1] & 3) << 8) | buffer[2];
        return result;
    }

This function is used to read analog input from MCP3008 on the specified channel.
It sends a 3-byte SPI command and returns a 10-bit digital value between 0–1023.

.. code-block:: c

    int temperture()
    {
        int analogVal = read_ADC(0);
        double Vr = 3.3 * analogVal / 1023.0;  // Use 3.3V as Vref for MCP3008
        double Rt = 10000.0 * Vr / (3.3 - Vr);
        double temp = 1 / (((log(Rt / 10000.0)) / 3950.0) + (1 / (273.15 + 25.0)));
        double cel = temp - 273.15;
        double Fah = cel * 1.8 + 32;
        printf("Celsius: %.2f C  Fahrenheit: %.2f F\n", cel, Fah);
        return (int)cel;
    }

The ``temperture()`` function reads the thermistor analog signal via MCP3008,
calculates voltage, resistance, then converts to Celsius and Fahrenheit using
the thermistor formula (Steinhart–Hart approximation).

.. code-block:: c

    int motor(int level)
    {
        if (level == 0) {
            digitalWrite(MotorEnable, LOW);
            return 0;
        }
        if (level >= 4) {
            level = 4;
        }
        digitalWrite(MotorEnable, HIGH);
        softPwmWrite(MotorPin1, level * 25);
        return level;
    }

This ``motor()`` function controls fan speed via PWM.
Level ranges from 0–4, where 0 turns the fan off and each level increases the duty cycle by 25%.

.. code-block:: c

    void setup()
    {
        if (wiringPiSetup() == -1) {
            printf("wiringPi setup failed!\n");
            return;
        }

        if (wiringPiSPISetup(SPI_CHANNEL, SPI_SPEED) == -1) {
            printf("SPI setup failed!\n");
            return;
        }

        softPwmCreate(MotorPin1, 0, 100);
        softPwmCreate(MotorPin2, 0, 100);
        pinMode(MotorEnable, OUTPUT);
        pinMode(BtnPin, INPUT);
    }

The ``setup()`` function initializes WiringPi, sets up SPI, configures PWM
and GPIO pins needed for motor control and button input.

.. code-block:: c

    int main(void)
    {
        setup();
        int currentState, lastState = 0;
        int level = 0;
        int currentTemp, markTemp = 0;

        while (1) {
            currentState = digitalRead(BtnPin);
            currentTemp = temperture();

            if (currentTemp <= 0) continue;

            if (currentState == 1 && lastState == 0) {
                level = (level + 1) % 5;
                markTemp = currentTemp;
                delay(500);
            }

            lastState = currentState;

            if (level != 0) {
                if (currentTemp - markTemp <= -2) {
                    level = level - 1;
                    markTemp = currentTemp;
                }
                if (currentTemp - markTemp >= 2) {
                    level = level + 1;
                    markTemp = currentTemp;
                }
            }

            level = motor(level);
        }

        return 0;
    }

The ``main()`` function contains the program loop:

1. Constantly checks button state and reads current temperature.
2. On button press, fan level increases (cycles 0–4) and saves temperature.
3. If temperature changes by ±2°C, it auto-adjusts fan speed accordingly.
4. Calls ``motor(level)`` to update PWM output based on current level.