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.. _3.1.5_c_mcp3008:

3.1.5 Battery Indicator(MCP3008)
==================================

.. note::

   .. image:: ../img/mcp3008_and_adc0834.jpg
      :width: 25%
      :align: left
    

   Depending on your kit version, please identify whether you have **ADC0834** or **MCP3008** and proceed with the matching section.

Introduction
--------------

In this project, we will make a battery indicator device that can
visually display the battery level on the LED Bargraph.

.. warning::

    Do not use battery components that exceed 3.3V to avoid overloading, which may damage the chip or Raspberry Pi.

Required Components
------------------------------

In this project, we need the following components.

.. image:: ../img/list2_Battery_Indicator.png
    :align: center

It's definitely convenient to buy a whole kit, here's the link: 

.. list-table::
    :widths: 20 20 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - Name	
        - ITEMS IN THIS KIT
        - LINK
    *   - Raphael Kit
        - 337
        - |link_Raphael_kit|

You can also buy them separately from the links below.

.. list-table::
    :widths: 30 20
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - COMPONENT INTRODUCTION
        - PURCHASE LINK

    *   - :ref:`cpn_gpio_board`
        - |link_gpio_board_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_breadboard`
        - |link_breadboard_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_wires`
        - |link_wires_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_resistor`
        - |link_resistor_buy|
    *   - :ref:`cpn_bar_graph`
        - \-
    *   - :ref:`cpn_mcp3008`
        - \-

Schematic Diagram
-------------------

============ ======== ======== ===
T-Board Name physical wiringPi BCM
SPICE0       Pin 24   10       8
SPIMOSI      Pin 19   12       10
SPIMISO      Pin 21   13       9
SPISCLK      Pin 23   14       11
GPIO25       Pin 22   6        25
GPIO12       Pin 32   26       12
GPIO16       Pin 36   27       16
GPIO20       Pin 38   28       20
GPIO21       Pin 40   29       21
GPIO5        Pin 29   21       5
GPIO6        Pin 31   22       6
GPIO13       Pin 33   23       13
GPIO19       Pin 35   24       19
GPIO26       Pin 37   25       26
============ ======== ======== ===

.. image:: ../img/schematic_battery_indicator_mcp3008.png
   :align: center

Experimental Procedures
-------------------------

**Step 1:** Build the circuit.

.. image:: ../img/july24_3.1.5_battery_indicator_mcp3008.png

**Step 2:** Go to the folder of the code.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    cd ~/raphael-kit/c/3.1.5-2/

**Step 3:** Compile the code.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    gcc 3.1.5_BatteryIndicator.c -lwiringPi

**Step 4:** Run the executable file.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    sudo ./a.out

After the program runs, give the 3rd pin of MCP3008 and the GND a
lead-out wire separately and then lead them to the two poles of a
battery separately. You can see the corresponding LED on the LED
Bargraph is lit up to display the power level (measuring range: 0-5V).

.. note::

    If it does not work after running, or there is an error prompt: \"wiringPi.h: No such file or directory\", please refer to :ref:`install_wiringpi`.

Code
--------

.. code-block:: c

    #include <wiringPi.h>
    #include <wiringPiSPI.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    #define SPI_CHANNEL 0
    #define SPI_SPEED   1000000  // 1MHz
    #define VREF        3.3      

    int pins[10] = {6, 26, 27, 28, 29, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25};

    int read_ADC(int channel)
    {
        if (channel < 0 || channel > 7) return -1;

        unsigned char buffer[3];
        buffer[0] = 1;  // Start bit
        buffer[1] = (8 + channel) << 4;  // Single-ended mode
        buffer[2] = 0;

        wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPI_CHANNEL, buffer, 3);

        int value = ((buffer[1] & 3) << 8) | buffer[2];
        return value;
    }

    void LedBarGraph(int value) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            if (i < value)
            digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH);  
        else
            digitalWrite(pins[i],LOW);
        }
    }

    int main(void)
    {
        if (wiringPiSetup() == -1) {
            printf("setup wiringPi failed!\n");
            return 1;
        }

        if (wiringPiSPISetup(SPI_CHANNEL, SPI_SPEED) == -1) {
            printf("SPI setup failed!\n");
            return 1;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            pinMode(pins[i], OUTPUT);
            digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH);
        }

        while (1) {
            int analogVal = read_ADC(0);  // MCP3008 CH0
            if (analogVal < 0) continue;


            float voltage = analogVal * VREF / 1023.0;
            int level = analogVal * 10 / 1024;  
            if (level > 10) level = 10;  

            LedBarGraph(level);

            printf("ADC Value: %d\tVoltage: %.2f V\tLevel: %d\n", analogVal, voltage, level);

            delay(200);
        }

        return 0;
    }


Code Explanation
----------------------
.. code-block:: c

    int read_ADC(int channel)
    {
        if (channel < 0 || channel > 7) return -1;

        unsigned char buffer[3];
        buffer[0] = 1;  // Start bit
        buffer[1] = (8 + channel) << 4;  // Single-ended mode, CH0~CH7
        buffer[2] = 0;

        wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPI_CHANNEL, buffer, 3);

        int value = ((buffer[1] & 3) << 8) | buffer[2];  // Combine 10-bit result
        return value;
    }

This function reads analog values from the MCP3008 ADC chip using SPI.
The `channel` parameter selects one of the 8 analog inputs (CH0–CH7).
The MCP3008 returns a 10-bit digital value between 0 and 1023 representing the analog voltage.

.. code-block:: c

    void LedBarGraph(int value) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            if (i < value)
                digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH);  // Turn on LED (assumes active HIGH wiring)
            else
                digitalWrite(pins[i], LOW);   // Turn off LED
        }
    }

This function controls a 10-LED bar graph display.
Each LED represents 1/10th of the voltage range.
LEDs are turned on in order up to the specified level.

Note: This version assumes LED anodes are connected to GPIOs and cathodes to GND (i.e. active HIGH).

.. code-block:: c

    int main(void)
    {
        if (wiringPiSetup() == -1) {
            printf("setup wiringPi failed!\n");
            return 1;
        }

        if (wiringPiSPISetup(SPI_CHANNEL, SPI_SPEED) == -1) {
            printf("SPI setup failed!\n");
            return 1;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            pinMode(pins[i], OUTPUT);
            digitalWrite(pins[i], HIGH);  // Initialize all LEDs to ON
        }

        while (1) {
            int analogVal = read_ADC(0);  // Read voltage on CH0
            if (analogVal < 0) continue;

            float voltage = analogVal * VREF / 1023.0;
            int level = analogVal * 10 / 1024;  // Map to 0–10 levels
            if (level > 10) level = 10;

            LedBarGraph(level);  // Display level on LEDs

            printf("ADC Value: %d\tVoltage: %.2f V\tLevel: %d\n", analogVal, voltage, level);

            delay(200);  // Update rate: 5 Hz
        }

        return 0;
    }

Main program logic:

- Initializes wiringPi and SPI communication.
- Sets GPIO pins as outputs for controlling the 10-LED bar.
- Continuously reads analog voltage via MCP3008 (CH0).
- Converts the reading to a voltage using `VREF = 3.3V`.
- Scales voltage to a 0–10 level bar graph and lights up LEDs.
- Displays the raw ADC value, voltage (in volts), and LED level via serial console.

This acts as a visual battery level indicator or analog voltmeter.

.. **Phenomenon Picture**

.. .. image:: ../img/image249.jpeg
   :align: center