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.. _py_light_theremin:

7.1 Light Theremin
=========================

Theremin is an electronic musical instrument that does not require physical contact. Based on the position of the player's hand, it produces different tones.

Its controlling section is usually made up of two metal antennas that sense the position of the thereminist's hands and control oscillators with one hand and volume with the other. The electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker.

We cannot reproduce the same instrument through Pico, but we can use photoresistor and passive buzzer to achieve similar gameplay.

* `Theremin - Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin>`_

**Schematic**

|sch_light_theremin|

Before starting the project, wave your hand up and down over the photoresistor to calibrate the range of light intensity. The LED connected in GP16 is used to indicate the debugging time, and the LED is lit to indicate the start of debugging and off to indicate the end of debugging.

When GP15 outputs high level, S8050 (NPN transistor) conducts and the passive buzzer starts to sound.

When the light is stronger, GP28's value is smaller; vice versa, it is larger when the light is weaker.
By programming the value of the photoresistor to affect the frequency of the passive buzzer, a photosensitive device can be simulated.


**Wiring**

|wiring_light_theremin|

.. #. Connect 3V3 and GND of Pico to the power bus of the breadboard.
.. #. Connect one lead of the photoresistor to the GP28 pin, then connect the same lead to the positive power bus with a 10K ohm resistor.
.. #. Connect another lead of photoresistor to the negative power bus.
.. #. Insert the LED into the breadboard, connect its anode pin to the GP16 in series with a 220Ω resistor, and connect its cathode pin to the negative power bus.
.. #. Insert the passive buzzer and S8050 transistor into the breadboard. The anode pin of the buzzer is connected to the positive power bus, the cathode pin is connected to the **collector** lead of the transistor, and the **base** lead of the transistor is connected to the GP15 pin through a 1kΩ resistor. **emitter** lead is connected to the negative power bus.

.. .. note::
..     * The color ring of the 22Ω resistor is red, red, black, black and brown.
..     * The color ring of the 10kΩ resistor is brown, black, black, red and brown.

**Code**

.. note::

    * Open the ``7.1_light_theremin.py`` file under the path of ``euler-kit/micropython`` or copy this code into Thonny, then click "Run Current Script" or simply press F5 to run it.

    * Don't forget to click on the "MicroPython (Raspberry Pi Pico)" interpreter in the bottom right corner. 

    * For detailed tutorials, please refer to :ref:`open_run_code_py`.

.. code-block:: python

    import machine
    import utime

    led = machine.Pin(16, machine.Pin.OUT)
    photoresistor = machine.ADC(28) 
    buzzer = machine.PWM(machine.Pin(15))

    light_low=65535
    light_high=0

    def interval_mapping(x, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max):
        return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min

    def tone(pin,frequency,duration):
        pin.freq(frequency)
        pin.duty_u16(30000)
        utime.sleep_ms(duration)
        pin.duty_u16(0)

    # calibrate the photoresistor max & min values.
    timer_init_start = utime.ticks_ms()
    led.value(1)    
    while utime.ticks_diff(utime.ticks_ms(), timer_init_start)<5000:
        light_value = photoresistor.read_u16()
        if light_value > light_high:
            light_high = light_value
        if light_value < light_low:
            light_low = light_value   
    led.value(0)    

    # play
    while True:
        light_value  = photoresistor.read_u16()
        pitch = int(interval_mapping(light_value,light_low,light_high,50,6000))
        if pitch > 50 :
            tone(buzzer,pitch,20)
        utime.sleep_ms(10)

As soon as the program runs, the LED will light up, and we will have five seconds to calibrate the photoresistor's detection range.

This is due to the different light environments we may have when we use it (e.g., different light intensities at noon and dusk), as well as our hands' height above the photoresistor. You need to set the maximum and minimum height of your hand from the photoresistor, which is also the height at which you play the instrument.

After five seconds, the LED will turn off, at which point we can wave our hands over the photoresistor and play.