.. note:: Hello, welcome to the SunFounder Raspberry Pi & Arduino & ESP32 Enthusiasts Community on Facebook! Dive deeper into Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and ESP32 with fellow enthusiasts. **Why Join?** - **Expert Support**: Solve post-sale issues and technical challenges with help from our community and team. - **Learn & Share**: Exchange tips and tutorials to enhance your skills. - **Exclusive Previews**: Get early access to new product announcements and sneak peeks. - **Special Discounts**: Enjoy exclusive discounts on our newest products. - **Festive Promotions and Giveaways**: Take part in giveaways and holiday promotions. 👉 Ready to explore and create with us? Click [|link_sf_facebook|] and join today! Lesson 13 LCD1602 ============================ **Introduction** ------------------- In this lesson, we will learn how to use an LCD1602 to display characters and strings. LCD1602, or 1602 character-type liquid crystal display, is a kind of dot matrix module to show letters, numbers, and characters and so on. It's composed of 5x7 or 5x11 dot matrix positions; each position can display one character. There's a dot pitch between two characters and a space between lines, thus separating characters and lines. The number 1602 means on the display, 2 rows can be showed and 16 characters in each. Now let's check more details! **Components** ----------------- .. image:: media_arduino/image171.png :width: 800 :align: center .. image:: media_arduino/image194.png :width: 800 :align: center **Experimental Principle** -------------------------------- Generally, LCD1602 has parallel ports, that is, it would control several pins at the same time. LCD1602 can be categorized into eight-port and four-port connections. If the eight-port connection is used, then all the digital ports of the Uno board are almost completely occupied. If you want to connect more sensors, there will be no ports available. Therefore, the four-port connection is used here for better application. **Pins of LCD1602 and their functions** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ **VSS:** connected to ground **VDD:** connected to a +5V power supply **VO:** to adjust the contrast **RS:** A register select pin that controls where in the LCD’s memory you are writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD’s controller looks for instructions on what to do next. **R/W:** A Read/Write pin to select between reading and writing mode **E:** An enabling pin that reads the information when High level (1) is received. The instructions are run when the signal changes from High level to Low level. **D0-D7:** to read and write data **A and K:** Pins that control the LCD backlight. Connect K to GND and A to 3.3v. Open the backlight and you will see clear characters in a comparatively dark environment. **Principle:** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Connect K to GND and A to 3.3 V, and then the backlight of the LCD1602 will be turned on. Connect VSS to GND and the LCD1602 to the power source. Connect VO to the middle pin of the potentiometer - with it you can adjust the contrast of the screen display. Connect RS to D4 and R/W pin to GND, which means then you can write characters to the LCD1602. Connect E to pin6 and the characters displayed on the LCD1602 are controlled by D4-D7. For programming, it is optimized by calling function libraries. The schematic diagram: .. image:: media_arduino/image208.png :width: 800 :align: center **Experimental Procedures** ------------------------------- **Step 1:** Build the circuit (make sure the pins are connected correctly. Otherwise, characters will not be displayed properly): **Step 2:** Open the code file. **Step 3:** Select the **Board** and **Port.** **Step 4:** Upload the sketch to the board. .. note:: you may need to adjust the potentiometer until the LCD1602 can display clearly. .. image:: media_arduino/image221.png :align: center You should now see the characters "**SunFounder**" and "**hello, world**" rolling on the LCD. .. image:: media_arduino/image133.jpeg :width: 800 :align: center **Code** --------------------- .. raw:: html **Code Analysis** **13-1** **Include a library** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino #include // include the library code With the *LiquidCrystal.h* file included, you can call the functions in this file later. LiquidCrystal is a built-in library in the Arduino IDE. You can find the LiquidCrystal folder under the installation path *C:\\Program Files\\Arduino\\libraries*. .. image:: media_arduino/image134.png :width: 800 :align: center There is an example in the *examples* folder. The src folder contains the major part of the library: *LiquidCrystal.cpp* (execution file, with function implementation, variable definition, etc.) and LiquidCrystal.h (header file, including function statement, Macro definition, struct definition, etc.). If you want to explore how a function is implemented, you can look up in the file *LiquidCrystal.cpp*. **Code Analysis** **13-2** **Displayed characters** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino char array1[]=" SunFounder "; // the string to print on the LCD char array2[]="hello, world! "; // the string to print on the LCD These are two character type arrays: *arry1[]* and *array2[]*. The contents in the quotation marks ”xxx” are their elements, including 26 characters in total (spaces counted). *array1[0]* stands for the first element in the array, which is a space, and *array1[1]* means the second element *S* and so on. So *array1[25]* is the last element (here it's also a space). **Code Analysis** **13-3** **Define the pins of LCD1602** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13); Define a variable *lcd* of LiquidCrystal type. Here use *lcd* to represent *LiquidCrystal* in the following code. The basic format of the *LiquidCrysral()* function is: LiquidCrystal (rs, enable, d4, d5, d6, d7). You can check the *LiquidCrystal.cpp* file for details. So this line defines that pin RS is connected to pin 4, the enable pin to pin 6, and d4-d7 to pin10-13 respectively. **Code Analysis** **13-4** **Initialize the LCD** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino lcd.begin(16, 2); // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows: begin(col,row) is to set the display of LCD. Here set as 16 x 2. **Code Analysis** **13-5** **Set the cursor position of LCD** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino lcd.setCursor(15,0); // set the cursor to column 15, line 0 **setCursor(col,row)** sets the position of the cursor which is where the characters start to show. Here set it as 15col, 0 row. **Code Analysis** **13-6** **LCD displays the elements inside array1[]and array2[]** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. code-block:: arduino for (int positionCounter1 = 0; positionCounter1 < 26; positionCounter1++) { lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(); // Scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left. lcd.print(array1[positionCounter1]); // Print a message to the LCD. delay(tim); // wait for 250 microseconds } When positionCounter1=0, which accords with positionCounter1<26, positionCounter1 adds 1. Move one bit to the left through lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(). Make the LCD display array1[0] by lcd.print(array1[positionCounter1]) and delay for tim ms (250 ms). After 26 loops, all the elements in array1[] have been displayed. .. code-block:: arduino lcd.clear(); // Clears the LCD screen. Clear the screen with lcd.clear() so it won't influence the display next time. .. code-block:: arduino lcd.setCursor(15,1); // set the cursor to column 15, line 1 // Set the cursor at Col. 15 Line 1, where the characters will start to show. for (int positionCounter2 = 0; positionCounter2 < 26; positionCounter2++) { lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(); // Scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left. lcd.print(array2[positionCounter2]); // Print a message to the LCD. delay(tim); // wait for 250 microseconds } Similarly, the code is to display the elements in *array2[]* on the LCD. Therefore, you will see “SunFounder” scroll in the top line of the LCD, move left until it disappears. And then in the bottom line, “hello, world ! " appears, scrolls to the left until it disappears.