.. note::

    Hello, welcome to the SunFounder Raspberry Pi & Arduino & ESP32 Enthusiasts Community on Facebook! Dive deeper into Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and ESP32 with fellow enthusiasts.

    **Why Join?**

    - **Expert Support**: Solve post-sale issues and technical challenges with help from our community and team.
    - **Learn & Share**: Exchange tips and tutorials to enhance your skills.
    - **Exclusive Previews**: Get early access to new product announcements and sneak peeks.
    - **Special Discounts**: Enjoy exclusive discounts on our newest products.
    - **Festive Promotions and Giveaways**: Take part in giveaways and holiday promotions.

    👉 Ready to explore and create with us? Click [|link_sf_facebook|] and join today!

.. _2.1.4_py_pi5_mcp3008:

2.1.4 Potentiometer(MCP3008)
=============================

.. note::

   .. image:: ../img/mcp3008_and_adc0834.jpg
      :width: 25%
      :align: left
    

   Depending on your kit version, please identify whether you have **ADC0834** or **MCP3008** and proceed with the matching section.

Introduction
------------

The ADC function is used to convert analog signals into digital values. 
In this experiment, we use the MCP3008 ADC chip to perform this conversion. 
A potentiometer is used to generate a variable voltage, which changes the physical quantity. 
The MCP3008 then converts this analog voltage into a digital value that can be read and processed by the Raspberry Pi.

Required Components
------------------------------

In this project, we need the following components. 

.. image:: ../python_pi5/img/list2_2.1.4_potentiometer.png



Schematic Diagram
-----------------

.. list-table::
    :widths: 30 30 30 30
    :header-rows: 1

    *   - T-Board Name
        - physical
        - WiringPi
        - BCM

    *   - SPICE0
        - pin24
        - 10
        - 8
    *   - SPIMOSI
        - pin19
        - 12
        - 10
    *   - SPIMISO
        - pin21
        - 13
        - 9
    *   - SPISCLK
        - pin23
        - 14
        - 11
    *   - GPIO22
        - pin15
        - 3
        - 22


.. image:: ../python_pi5/img/schematic_2.1.7_potentiometer_mcp3008.png

Experimental Procedures
-----------------------

**Step 1:** Build the circuit.

.. image:: ../python_pi5/img/july24_2.1.7_potentiometer_mcp3008.png


.. note::
    Please place the chip by referring to the corresponding position
    depicted in the picture. Note that the grooves on the chip should be on
    the left when it is placed.

**Step 2:** Set up the SPI interface and install the ``spidev`` library (see :ref:`spi_configuration` for detailed instructions). If you have already completed these steps, you can skip this.

**Step 3:** Open the code file

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    cd ~/davinci-kit-for-raspberry-pi/python-pi5

**Step 4:** Run.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    sudo python3 2.1.4-2_Potentiometer_zero.py

After the code runs, rotate the knob on the potentiometer, the intensity
of LED will change accordingly.

.. warning::

    If there is an error prompt  ``RuntimeError: Cannot determine SOC peripheral base address``, please refer to :ref:`faq_soc` 

**Code**

.. note::

    You can **Modify/Reset/Copy/Run/Stop** the code below. But before that, you need to go to  source code path like ``davinci-kit-for-raspberry-pi/python-pi5``. After modifying the code, you can run it directly to see the effect.


.. raw:: html

    <run></run>

.. code-block:: python

    #!/usr/bin/env python3

    import spidev
    import time
    from gpiozero import PWMLED

    # Initialize PWM LED on GPIO22
    led = PWMLED(22)

    # Initialize SPI
    spi = spidev.SpiDev()
    spi.open(0, 0)  # Bus 0, CS0 (CE0)
    spi.max_speed_hz = 1000000

    def read_adc(channel):
        """
        Read analog value from MCP3008
        :param channel: ADC channel (0-7)
        :return: 10-bit integer (0-1023)
        """
        if channel < 0 or channel > 7:
            return -1
        # MCP3008 protocol
        adc = spi.xfer2([1, (8 + channel) << 4, 0])
        value = ((adc[1] & 3) << 8) | adc[2]
        return value

    def MAP(x, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max):
        """
        Map a value from one range to another
        """
        return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min

    try:
        while True:
            # Read from MCP3008 channel 0
            res = read_adc(0)
            print('res = %d' % res)

            # Map 0–1023 to 0–100%
            R_val = MAP(res, 0, 1023, 0, 100)

            # Set LED brightness
            led.value = R_val / 100.0

            time.sleep(0.2)

    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        led.value = 0  # Turn off the LED



**Code Explanation**

#. ``gpiozero`` for PWM LED control, ``spidev`` for SPI communication with MCP3008, and ``time`` for implementing delays.

   .. code-block:: python

       #!/usr/bin/env python3

       import spidev
       import time
       from gpiozero import PWMLED

#. Initialize a PWMLED object connected to GPIO pin 22 and configure SPI communication (Bus 0, CE0) with MCP3008.

   .. code-block:: python

       # Initialize PWM LED on GPIO22
       led = PWMLED(22)

       # Initialize SPI
       spi = spidev.SpiDev()
       spi.open(0, 0)  # Bus 0, CS0 (CE0)
       spi.max_speed_hz = 1000000

#. Define a function named ``read_adc`` to communicate with MCP3008 and read analog values from the specified channel (0–7).

   .. code-block:: python

       def read_adc(channel):
           """
           Read analog value from MCP3008
           :param channel: ADC channel (0-7)
           :return: 10-bit integer (0-1023)
           """
           if channel < 0 or channel > 7:
               return -1
           adc = spi.xfer2([1, (8 + channel) << 4, 0])
           value = ((adc[1] & 3) << 8) | adc[2]
           return value

#. Define a function named ``MAP`` to convert one range of values to another, useful for mapping ADC values to appropriate LED brightness levels.

   .. code-block:: python

       def MAP(x, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max):
           return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min

#. Continuously read the ADC value in a loop, mapping the 10-bit ADC value (0–1023) to a brightness level (0–100) for the LED. Adjust the LED’s brightness accordingly. Wait 0.2 seconds between each read.

   .. code-block:: python

       try:
           while True:
               # Read from MCP3008 channel 0
               res = read_adc(0)
               print('res = %d' % res)

               # Map 0–1023 to 0–100%
               R_val = MAP(res, 0, 1023, 0, 100)

               # Set LED brightness
               led.value = R_val / 100.0

               time.sleep(0.2)

       except KeyboardInterrupt:
           led.value = 0  # Turn off the LED